![]() Cast iron is very hard but its brittleness severely limits its applications and methods for forming. When the carbon content increases beyond 2.14%, we reach the stage of cast iron. Within this range, there are different grades of steel known as low-carbon steel (or mild steel), medium-carbon steel, and high-carbon steel. It exists in the α-ferrite form at room temperature.įrom 0.008% up to 2.14% carbon content, the iron-carbon alloy is called steel. ![]() Up to a maximum carbon content of 0.008% weight of Carbon, the metal is simply called iron or pure iron. The weight percentage scale on the X-axis of the iron-carbon phase diagram goes from 0% up to 6.67% Carbon. Types of Ferrous Alloys on the Phase Diagram It will form a solid solution with α, γ, and δ phases of iron. The alloy may form a face-centred cubic (FCC) lattice or a body-centred cubic (BCC) lattice. The carbon in iron is an interstitial impurity. This iron-carbon phase diagram is plotted with the carbon concentrations by weight on the X-axis and the temperature scale on the Y-axis. The graph is quite complex but since we are limiting our exploration to Fe3C, we will only be focusing on up to 6.67 weight percent of carbon. Also, both alloys contain a small amount of trace elements. Both steel and cast iron are a mix of iron and carbon. The iron-carbon phase diagram is widely used to understand the different phases of steel and cast iron. The service life also improves as phase diagrams show us how to solve problems such as intergranular corrosion, hot corrosion, and hydrogen damage. Material for exhaust piping, for example, if not chosen properly, may lead to a breakdown at higher temperatures. Appropriate elements can then be chosen for alloying to prevent machinery breakdown. Performance-wise, phase diagrams help metallurgists understand which phases are thermodynamically stable, metastable, or unstable in the long run. It can help to reduce the need for using scarce, hazardous, or expensive alloying elements. ![]() They also help develop alternative alloys or the same alloys with alternative alloying elements. When it comes to alloy development, phase diagrams have helped prevent overdesign for applications.
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